Epa report on lifecycle analysis of lithiumion batteries. Socioenvironmental impacts of lithium mineral extraction. Liion batteries for and nanotechnology for electric vehicles lca study. The aim of this study was to provide a transparent inventory for a lithium. Lithiumion batteries for electric vehicles, suggests that a. Its purpose was to identify the materials or processes within a liion batterys life cycle. The international standard for lifecycle impact assessment, iso 14042, considers valuation. The study presents a life cycle assessment lca of a next generation lithium ion battery pack using silicon nanotube anode sint, nickelcobaltmanganese oxide cathode, and lithium. Battery testing, analysis and design department of energy. Wick ellingsen, department of energy and process engineering, norwegian university of science and technology, e1. A prototype liion battery was developed by akira yoshino in 1985, based on earlier research by john goodenough, stanley whittingham, rachid. Life cycle assessment lca has been used to quantify the.
Researchers are exploring new energy storage technology that could give the battery an even longer life cycle. Cycling frequency matters more than choice of chemistry for lifetime impacts. Effects of battery manufacturing on electric vehicle life. Battery research is focusing on lithium chemistries so much that one could imagine that the battery future lies solely in lithium. Accelerated cycle life testing and developing correlations based on this data are critical for the capacity fade evaluation of batteries. Pdf life cycle assessment of lithiumion batteries for plugin. Read the final report, application of lifecycle assessment to nanoscale technology. The epa report, titled application of lifecycle assessment to nanoscale technology. Globally regional life cycle analysis of automotive. The carbon footprints of the batteries were obtained by four stages, and relevant reduction strategies were implemented accordingly. Presently, a quantitative database for lithiumion cell aging that is suitable for the validation of fundamental life models5,7,8 is absent in the literature. It does not include the use phase of the batteries. Frequent cycling substantially reduces environmental impact per energy delivered.
Pdf the main aim of the study was to explore how lca can be used to optimize the design of lithiumion batteries for plugin hybrid electric. End of life richa, babbitt, nenadic, gaustad 2015, environmental tradeoffs across cascading lithium ion battery life cycles, international journal of life cycle assessment. However, the lincm cathode active material requires 1. Lithiumion batteries are common in consumer electronics. Assessment of potential lithiumion battery safety issues. This paper reports a life cycle assessment lca of a highcapacity lib pack using sinw prepared via metalassisted. Partnership to conduct lifecycle assessment for lithium. Edition only available as pdf for individual printing. The other two chemistries use the lower toxicity metals, manganese and iron. Eric wood, shriram santhanagopalan, giheon kim, ying shi, ahmad pesaran. This study reported that either on a per kilogram or per. Also, conventional lca studies might not be the correct tool for. The study also assesses a nextgeneration technology involving singlewalled carbon nanotubes swcnts being developed to increase the energy capacity and marketability of these battery systems.
Life cycle assessmentlca and lithiumion batteriesbattery. Life cycle environmental assessment of lithiumion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plugin hybrid and battery electric vehicles. The main aim of the study was to explore how lca can. Life cycle assessment of siliconnanotubebased lithium. This report presents a lifecycle assessment lca study of lithiumion liion batteries used in electric and plugin hybrid electric vehicles. Kelly, linda gaines and michael wang systems assessment group, energy systems division, argonne national laboratory, dupage county, argonne.
The lithium ion battery was used as an case study and compared with nickel metal hydride battery and solar cell. Life cycle assessment of five lithiumion battery chemistries for residential storage. Anticipatory life cycle assessment of single wall carbon. Environmental impacts of lithium metal polymer and lithiumion. The study presents a life cycle assessment lca of a nextgeneration lithium ion battery pack using silicon nanotube anode sint, nickelcobaltmanganese oxide cathode, and lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte. This study presents a prospective life cycle assessment for the production of a sodiumion battery with a layered transition metal oxide as a positive electrode material and hard carbon as a negative electrode material on the battery component level. Comparative life cycle assessment of lithiumion battery. Material and energy flows in the materials production, assembly, and end of life stages of the automotive lithium ion battery life cycle report, may 20, 2012 to recycle, or not to recycle, that is the question. If cycled more than twice a day, ncolto achieves lowest environmental impact. Sodiumion batteries are emerging as potential alternatives to lithiumion batteries. This report summarizes an assessment of potential lithiumion liion battery vehicle safety issues to provide nhtsa information it can use to assess needs and prioritize its future research activities on liion battery vehicles. Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material. Summary electric vehicles evs have no tailpipe emissions, but the production of their batteries leads to environmental burdens. Environmental protection agency shanika amarakoon abt associates, inc.
Life cycle assessment of lithium ion battery request pdf. If you discharge a lithium ion battery too much before recharging, you may shorten the lifetime to just 300 500 cycles and the battery capacity will drop to 70%. The second charger, a prototype, receives energy from a hydrogen. The battery testing, analysis, and design activity supports several complementary but crucial aspects of the battery. Lithiumion batteries hazard and use assessment final. Genikomsakis 1 1 european research area chair holder netzero energy e ciency on city districts, nzed unit. While standard lithiumion batteries are a big step up from leadacid batteries, life takes it even further.
Wender ssebecesem2012cpr009 course project report series. Life cycle assessment of a lithium iron phosphate lfp. Life cycle analysis of lithiumion batteries for automotive applications qiang dai, jarod c. In order to avoid problem shifting, a life cycle perspective should be applied in the environmental assessment of traction batteries. Pdf electric vehicles evs have no tailpipe emissions, but the production of their batteries leads to environmental burdens. Both the classification and characterization steps are completed in. Comparing life cycle assessment of liion batteries and. Two lithiumion batteries, both based on lithium iron phosphate, but using different solvents during cell manufacturing, were studied by means of life cycle assessment, lca. The battery pack is characterized with 63 kwh capacity to power a midsized electric vehicle ev for a 320 km range.
September 14, 2012 kathy hart design for the environment program u. However, there are few studies focusing on the carbon footprint assessment of lithium ion battery products, failing to analyze the impact from each stage. Insights from lifecycle analysis journal article, april 2012 a comparison of liion battery recycling options presentation, april. The project partners included lithiumion battery manufacturers and suppliers, recyclers, trade organizations, research institutions, and academic and government us epa and department of energy representatives. This effort represents the early stage of lithiumion battery. In fact, although existing lca studies cover liion traction batteries that have. This analysis is i ntended to assist nhtsa in identifying potential critical operational. Lithium iron phosphate and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide are considered for the cradle to gate life cycle assessment. Pdf life cycle assessment of a lithiumion battery vehicle pack. Polymer lmp stationary batteries is quantified through the life cycle assessment.
The lci data were compiled into the gabi4 lca software tool pe. Comparing life cycle assessment of liion batteries and fuel cells in chargers for small electronic applications. Life cycle assessment of lithiumion batteries for plugin hybrid. Eric melin, consultant in lithiumion battery life cycle management, reckoned that 97,000 tonnes of batteries had been recycled in 2018, including 67,000 tonnes in china and 18,000 tonnes in south korea, with the reminder covered mainly by the eu. Life cycle assessment of li thium ion b atteries for plug. The cathode active materials appear to all require large quantities of energy to manufacture. Update of life cycle analysis of lithiumion batteries in. Currently, lithiumion batteries are the solution of choice for hybrid and electric vehicles due to the high energy density and long life cycle 4.
A quantitative environmental lifecycle assessment of liion batteries used in electric drive vehicles using data from battery suppliers, manufacturers, and recyclersand a nanotechnology anode application that may be used in the futurehas not been conducted, to date. Lithiumion batteries and nanotechnology for electric vehicles. Life cycle assessment of a lithiumion battery vehicle pack. Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability october 2017. In order to perform ecodesign, methodologies and tools can be applied. For module and pack assembly that is not 100% manual, ellingsen. Energy and environmental assessment of a traction lithiumion. Arizona state university school of sustainable engineering and the built environment anticipatory life cycle assessment of single wall carbon nanotube anode lithium ion batteries ben a. Significance of the various life cycle stages4 the battery manufacturing process could improve in coming years, for example cells made largely using. Although silicon nanowires sinw have been widely studied as an ideal material for developing highcapacity lithium ion batteries libs for electric vehicles evs, little is known about the environmental impacts of such a new ev battery pack during its whole life cycle. With humless lithium life batteries, heres what you can expect. Administration commissioned study on the life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from lithiumion batteries.
Discover what causes liion to age and what the battery user can do to prolong its life. The most recent battery comparison study published in public literature was an evaluation conducted on the cradletogate life cycle inventory studies of leadacid, nickelcadmium, nickelmetal hydride, sodiumsulphur, and lithiumion battery technologies sullivan and gaines 2010. Kelly, and amgad elgowainy energy systems division argonne national laboratory september 2017 this memo documents updates for life cycle analysis of lithiumion batteries lib in the greet model. Life cycle environmental impact of highcapacity lithium. Lithiumion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications. Lca of liion battery for electric mobility 4 what does life cycle assessment lca attributes responsibility for the state of the world to a functional unit of a product system for identifying contributions to the overall burdens of products in their life cycle. A lithiumion battery will last much longer if you use half or less than the maximum depth of discharge and then recharge, extending the cycle life as high as 1,200 1,500 cycles. How to prolong lithiumbased batteries battery university. The life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas. More specifically, the evaluation places a high value on studies. Charge and discharge characterization of lithiumion. Lithium life stands for lithium iron phosphate, and its the newest revolution in rechargeable home battery systems.
Ghg emissions from the production of lithiumion batteries. In this study, the environmental assessment of one battery pack with a nominal. A lithiumion battery or liion battery abbreviated as lib is a type of rechargeable battery. Cyclelife characterization of automotive lithiumion. The optimized design of lithium ion secondary batteries using combination of carbon footprints and life cycle assessment lca was proposed in this study. Life cycle assessment of sodiumion batteries energy. Specific power is the maximum power available per unit mass, and determines battery weight for a given power target.
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